As you noted, iCloud URLs are generated when you share them. Every time you share them, an export generates a new download link that differs from the previous one for th same shortcut.
Shortcuts are not executable files you find on your device, not even in iCloud Drive.
If you are happy to use URLS, manually export any updates one by one for each shortcut and paste them into an email.
Now, you may be able to automate that a little using Shortcuts. You used to be able to automate getting the iCloud links…
… but I get an error when I try that in the last couple of OS releases. But youcould maybe still automate the e-mail part with standardised instructions and recipients.